2008年12月3日星期三
Fruits and Vegetables
Introduction
The fruit and vegetable processing industry in India is highly decentralized having wide capacities. The diverse agro- climatic zones make it possible to grow almost all varieties of fresh fruits and green vegetables in India. India is the second largest producer of fresh vegetables in the world (ranks next to China) and accounts for about 15% of the world’s production of vegetables.
Production area
Vegetables are typically grown in India in field conditions, the concept is opposed to the cultivation of vegetables in green houses as practiced in developed countries for high yields. The fruits and vegetables sconsidered important by the horticulture board of India are mostly grown in the areas of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, hilly regions of North Uttar Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tripura, West Bengal and Orissa.
Growth promotional activities
Since liberalization and withdrawal of excise duty on fruit and vegetable products there has been significant rise in the growth rate of the industry Out of 370 million tons of fruit production in the world, India accounts for 30 million tons. No industrial license is required for setting up F & V P industries, setting-up 100% EOUs require specific Govt. approvals. Many subsidies, irrigation plans, loans, pre and post harvesting schemes led to the following figures of production.
Of the 456 million tons of vegetable produced in the world, India’s share is 59 million tons. All taken together, India’s share of the world’s vegetable market is 17 per cent. Presently, the horticultural crops covers 13.6 million hectares, i.e. roughly 7 per cent of the gross cropped area and contributes 18-20 per cent of the gross value of India’s agricultural output.
Vegetable & Fruit Types
According to national horticulture board the main fruits and vegetables grown in India are Apple, Banana, Lime / Lemon, Mosambi, Orange (Mandarin), Grapes, Mango, Papaya, Brinjal, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Okra, Onion, Peas, Potato and Tomato. In case of vegetables, potato, tomato, onion, cabbage and cauliflower account for around 60% of the total vegetable production in the country.
The fruit and vegetable processing industry in India is highly decentralized having wide capacities. The diverse agro- climatic zones make it possible to grow almost all varieties of fresh fruits and green vegetables in India. India is the second largest producer of fresh vegetables in the world (ranks next to China) and accounts for about 15% of the world’s production of vegetables.
Production area
Vegetables are typically grown in India in field conditions, the concept is opposed to the cultivation of vegetables in green houses as practiced in developed countries for high yields. The fruits and vegetables sconsidered important by the horticulture board of India are mostly grown in the areas of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, hilly regions of North Uttar Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tripura, West Bengal and Orissa.
Growth promotional activities
Since liberalization and withdrawal of excise duty on fruit and vegetable products there has been significant rise in the growth rate of the industry Out of 370 million tons of fruit production in the world, India accounts for 30 million tons. No industrial license is required for setting up F & V P industries, setting-up 100% EOUs require specific Govt. approvals. Many subsidies, irrigation plans, loans, pre and post harvesting schemes led to the following figures of production.
| Fruit & vegetable | Total production M. T | India's production status |
| Mango | 10 million tons | World's largest producer |
| Banana | 7 million tons | World's largest producer |
| Pineapple | 12.6% of world production | World's 4th largest producer |
| Oranges | 6.3% of world production | World's 5th largest producer |
| Grapes | - | World record in productivity |
| Onion | - | World's 2nd largest producer |
| Cauliflower | World's 3rd largest producer |
Of the 456 million tons of vegetable produced in the world, India’s share is 59 million tons. All taken together, India’s share of the world’s vegetable market is 17 per cent. Presently, the horticultural crops covers 13.6 million hectares, i.e. roughly 7 per cent of the gross cropped area and contributes 18-20 per cent of the gross value of India’s agricultural output.
Vegetable & Fruit Types
According to national horticulture board the main fruits and vegetables grown in India are Apple, Banana, Lime / Lemon, Mosambi, Orange (Mandarin), Grapes, Mango, Papaya, Brinjal, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Okra, Onion, Peas, Potato and Tomato. In case of vegetables, potato, tomato, onion, cabbage and cauliflower account for around 60% of the total vegetable production in the country.
Flowers
Introduction
Indian floriculture industry has been shifting from traditional flowers to cut flowers for export purposes. The liberalized economy has given an impetus to the Indian entrepreneurs for establishing export oriented floriculture units under controlled climatic conditions. About 60,000 ha area is under floriculture at present. Production flowers is estimated to be 200,000 tonnes of loose flowers and 500 million (numbers) of cut flowers.
Floriculture - Production area
In India, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana have emerged as major floriculture entrees in recent times. At present, the internal demand for cut-flower and ornamental plants in mainly met through production at coastal areas of Kerala mainly Cochin &Trivandrum.
There is also a tremendous potential for growing these plants, on commercial scale, along the coastal region in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, besides in the Western Ghats.
Growth promotional activities
The most promising area is the dry flower industry. Dried flower and plants have been exported for the last 30 years and today, India is one of the leading countries in the field. In Rajasthan, more than 7,000 tonnes of rose are produced. About 75% of this is exported to West Asian countries in the form of dry petals. Not just flowers, but other plant parts like leaves, stems and pods are also used in the dry flower industry.
Flower trade in India is flourishing as many research centers and special nurseries have turned into a promising business. Exports of floriculture products was valued at Rs. 700 million (US$ 20 million). There has been an impressive growth in the export of cut flowers from Rs. 10 million to Rs. 700 million in the previous years. More than 191 export-oriented units (EOUs) have been approved in the sector out of which 70 units are operational. But many of them operate at less than 50% of their capacity. With redress of the problem, the floriculture industry thus may turn to be viable enterprise for earning foreign exchange.
Besides the development due to the efforts of Institute for Horticultural research in Bangalore and Institute for Botanical Research, in 1970, another impetus was given to the business of cultivating flowers with the establishment of the “Project for Improving Horticulture in India”.
Types
The Indian flowers are either exported to world over in the form of seeds or capsules or dried flowers. This industry has gained popularity due to the presence of exclusive varieties of ornamental flowers grown in India. Rose, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Mogra are some of the mostly sold varieties.
Indian floriculture industry has been shifting from traditional flowers to cut flowers for export purposes. The liberalized economy has given an impetus to the Indian entrepreneurs for establishing export oriented floriculture units under controlled climatic conditions. About 60,000 ha area is under floriculture at present. Production flowers is estimated to be 200,000 tonnes of loose flowers and 500 million (numbers) of cut flowers.
Floriculture - Production area
In India, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana have emerged as major floriculture entrees in recent times. At present, the internal demand for cut-flower and ornamental plants in mainly met through production at coastal areas of Kerala mainly Cochin &Trivandrum.
There is also a tremendous potential for growing these plants, on commercial scale, along the coastal region in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, besides in the Western Ghats.
Growth promotional activities
The most promising area is the dry flower industry. Dried flower and plants have been exported for the last 30 years and today, India is one of the leading countries in the field. In Rajasthan, more than 7,000 tonnes of rose are produced. About 75% of this is exported to West Asian countries in the form of dry petals. Not just flowers, but other plant parts like leaves, stems and pods are also used in the dry flower industry.
Flower trade in India is flourishing as many research centers and special nurseries have turned into a promising business. Exports of floriculture products was valued at Rs. 700 million (US$ 20 million). There has been an impressive growth in the export of cut flowers from Rs. 10 million to Rs. 700 million in the previous years. More than 191 export-oriented units (EOUs) have been approved in the sector out of which 70 units are operational. But many of them operate at less than 50% of their capacity. With redress of the problem, the floriculture industry thus may turn to be viable enterprise for earning foreign exchange.
Besides the development due to the efforts of Institute for Horticultural research in Bangalore and Institute for Botanical Research, in 1970, another impetus was given to the business of cultivating flowers with the establishment of the “Project for Improving Horticulture in India”.
Types
The Indian flowers are either exported to world over in the form of seeds or capsules or dried flowers. This industry has gained popularity due to the presence of exclusive varieties of ornamental flowers grown in India. Rose, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Mogra are some of the mostly sold varieties.
Mango
Introduction
Mangos were brought to England and Europe after the English occupied India in 1800's. Today, India is the world’s largest mango producer, growing nearly 1000 varieties of mango and contributing over 50 per cent of the world’s total mango production of approximately 23 million metric tons. Hence the Mango, Mangifera indica L., is the most economically important fruit.
Production area
The Indian states with abundant growth of various varieties of mangoes are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Growth promotional activities
Mango is grown in an area of 1.23 million ha with an annual production of 10.99 million tonnes, which accounts for 57.18 per cent of the total world production. Since liberalization several policy measures have been taken with regard to regulation & control, fiscal policy, export & import, taxation, exchange & interest rate control, export promotion and incentives to high priority industries. This sector is regulated by the Fruit Products Order, 1955 (FPO), issued under the Essential Commodities Act. All processing units are required to obtain a license under this order. Periodic inspection of units is also carried out and consignments of fruit & vegetable products intended for export are subject to pre-shipment inspection under the FPO. However, recognized Export Houses and Star Trading Houses are exempt from this inspection.
Types
The cultivated mango is probably a natural hybrid between M. indica and M. sylvatica occurring in southeastern Asia to India. The varieties grown in India are Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajli, Fernnadin, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanraj, Zardalu Hybrid Varieties produced in India are Amarapali, Mallika, Arka Aruna, Arka Puneet, Arka Anmol, Arka Neelkiran, Ratna, Sindhu, Au Rumani, Manjeera. Other hybrid varieties released are Alfazali, Sundar Langra, Sabri, Jawahar, Neelphonso, Neeleshan, Neeleshwari and PKM2.
Mangos were brought to England and Europe after the English occupied India in 1800's. Today, India is the world’s largest mango producer, growing nearly 1000 varieties of mango and contributing over 50 per cent of the world’s total mango production of approximately 23 million metric tons. Hence the Mango, Mangifera indica L., is the most economically important fruit.
Production area
The Indian states with abundant growth of various varieties of mangoes are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Growth promotional activities
Mango is grown in an area of 1.23 million ha with an annual production of 10.99 million tonnes, which accounts for 57.18 per cent of the total world production. Since liberalization several policy measures have been taken with regard to regulation & control, fiscal policy, export & import, taxation, exchange & interest rate control, export promotion and incentives to high priority industries. This sector is regulated by the Fruit Products Order, 1955 (FPO), issued under the Essential Commodities Act. All processing units are required to obtain a license under this order. Periodic inspection of units is also carried out and consignments of fruit & vegetable products intended for export are subject to pre-shipment inspection under the FPO. However, recognized Export Houses and Star Trading Houses are exempt from this inspection.
Types
The cultivated mango is probably a natural hybrid between M. indica and M. sylvatica occurring in southeastern Asia to India. The varieties grown in India are Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajli, Fernnadin, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanraj, Zardalu Hybrid Varieties produced in India are Amarapali, Mallika, Arka Aruna, Arka Puneet, Arka Anmol, Arka Neelkiran, Ratna, Sindhu, Au Rumani, Manjeera. Other hybrid varieties released are Alfazali, Sundar Langra, Sabri, Jawahar, Neelphonso, Neeleshan, Neeleshwari and PKM2.
End game?
With the Republicans in the US facing a tough, uncertain fight in November, I wouldn't be surprised by another staged capture in the coming months. Maybe it'll be Bin Laden this time. Imagine what his capture would do for McCain's candidacy.
I say 'staged capture' cause its fairly certain that Bin Laden is either long dead, with video documentation of encounter and dead body safely stashed away, or well paid and safely ensconced only to be used when the need arises. Paid enemies face a simple predicament: the last check bounces. Ask Saddam.
The end of two eras
Anil Kumble: Kumble has forever stamped cricket with his hallmarks, humility off the field and guile on it. He is possibly the nicest person to have ever worn Indian colours, or for that matter any colours ! In his own bland, colourless way, he has stepped out of Indian cricket with limited fanfare. Test cricket has had its share of lethal bowlers who have taken their share of large wicket hauls. Bowled, Caught, Stumped and Lbw. But besides Shane Warne, Anil Kumble is the only bowler who has actually "thought out" batsmen consistently. For those of you screaming "Murali", I said "Bowler". Salutations to the scientist !
Sourav Ganguly: In my opinion, the best leader Indian cricket has ever had. God on the off side, suspect on the on side, all heart inside and all cool on the outside. I had written a piece on Sourav when he was dropped two years ago. I am happy to see my views vindicated. I am happier to see this champion of our times given the send off that he so richly deserves.
Sourav took on the unenviable task of leading Indian Cricket when even die hard cricket fans had given up on a tainted team. He backed and built a strong team that beat the best in the game. A team that brought back cricket fans to stadia and to TV sets. A team from which he was once booted out unceremoniously and in my opinion, unjustly.
Since his "in your face" return to test cricket, Sourav has possibly scored more runs than any other Indian batsman. But more importantly, he has scored consistently. He leaves Indian Cricket with about two more years of competitive International cricket left in him. Two years that he has decided to keep for himself. Good, because the frivolus cricket fans of this country should never be given a chance to insult this great man again.
I have been inspired by Ganguly for years. He is human, fallible and yet great. The Bradmans, Sachins and Laras have their place in the record books, but to me, they can't hold a candle to this man.
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